欢迎您注册蒲公英
您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看,没有帐号?立即注册
x
【基本概念】热原指临床上引起哺乳动物发热反应的物质,是注射用原料药及制剂生产厂通常面临的问题。污染可能来源于原辅料、水、试剂、车间环境、设备等。含有热原的药品进入人体,会使人体出现发冷、寒战、体温升高、身痛、出汗、恶心呕吐等不良反应。有时体温可升至40°C,严重者出现昏迷、虚脱,甚至有生命危险。 【法规】中国GMP 无菌药品附录[1] 第三条 无菌药品的生产须满足其质量和预定用途的要求,应当最大限度降低微生物、各种微粒和热原的污染。生产人员的技能、所接受的培训及其工作态度是达到上述目标的关键因素,无菌药品的生产必须严格按照精心设计并经验证的方法及规程进行,产品的无菌或其它质量特性绝不能只依赖于任何形式的最终处理或成品检验(包括无菌检查)。 FDA CFR 211 Subpart E--Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures[2]
Sec. 211.94 Drug product containers and closures.
(c) Drug product containers and closures shall be clean and, where indicated by the nature of the drug, sterilized and processed to remove pyrogenic properties to assure that they are suitable for their intended use. Such depyrogenation processes shall be validated.
(d) Standards or specifications, methods of testing, and, where indicated, methods of cleaning, sterilizing, and processing to remove pyrogenic properties shall be written and followed for drug product containers and closures.
FDA CFR 211 Subpart H--Holding and Distribution[3]
Sec. 211.165 Testing and release for distribution.
(a) For each batch of drug product, there shall be appropriate laboratory determination of satisfactory conformance to final specifications for the drug product, including the identity and strength of each active ingredient, prior to release. Where sterility and/or pyrogen testing are conducted on specific batches of shortlived radiopharmaceuticals, such batches may be released prior to completion of sterility and/or pyrogen testing, provided such testing is completed as soon as possible.
Sec. 211.167 Special testing requirements.
(a) For each batch of drug product purporting to be sterile and/or pyrogen-free, there shall be appropriate laboratory testing to determine conformance to such requirements. The test procedures shall be in writing and shall be followed.
Sec. 211.170 Reserve samples.
(a) An appropriately identified reserve sample that is representative of each lot in each shipment of each active ingredient shall be retained. The reserve sample consists of at least twice the quantity necessary for all tests required to determine whether the active ingredient meets its established specifications, except for sterility and pyrogen testing. The retention time is as follows:
(b) An appropriately identified reserve sample that is representative of each lot or batch of drug product shall be retained and stored under conditions consistent with product labeling. The reserve sample shall be stored in the same immediate container-closure system in which the drug product is marketed or in one that has essentially the same characteristics. The reserve sample consists of at least twice the quantity necessary to perform all the required tests, except those for sterility and pyrogens. Except for those for drug products described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, reserve samples from representative sample lots or batches selected by acceptable statistical procedures shall be examined visually at least once a year for evidence of deterioration unless visual examination would affect the integrity of the reserve sample. Any evidence of reserve sample deterioration shall be investigated in accordance with 211.192. The results of the examination shall be recorded and maintained with other stability data on the drug product. Reserve samples of compressed medical gases need not be retained. The retention time is as follows: EU GMP Annex 1 Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products[4]
Principle
The manufacture of sterile products is subject to special requirements in order to minimize risks of microbiological contamination, and of particulate and pyrogen contamination. Much depends on the skill, training and attitudes of the personnel involved. Quality Assurance is particularly important, and this type of manufacture must strictly follow carefully established and validated methods of preparation and procedure. Sole reliance for sterility or other quality aspects must not be placed on any terminal process or finished product test.
97. The process used should include air circulation within the chamber and the maintenance of a positive pressure to prevent the entry of non-sterile air. Any air admitted should be passed through a HEPA filter. Where this process is also intended to remove pyrogens, challenge tests using endotoxins should be used as part of the validation. EU GMP Annex 2 Manufacture of Biological active substances and Medicinal Products for Human Use 2012[5]
19. A wide range of animal species are used in the manufacture of a number of biological medicinal products. These can be divided into 2 broad types of sources:
In addition, animals may also be used in quality control either in generic assays, e.g. pyrogenicity, or specific potency assays, e.g. pertussis vaccine (mice), pyrogenicity (rabbits), BCG vaccine (guinea-pigs). 【实施指导】热原污染途径
热原污染途径主要有四个途径:注射用水;从原辅料中带入;从容器、用具、管道和装置等带入;制备过程中的污染。参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 3.3.1 内毒素控制[6] 除热原工艺
中国药典中要求除热原需满足250°C,45 min,根据FH计算公式: FH=10(T2-T1)/Z=10(250-170)/54=1365
各干热灭菌器使用厂家可根据药典推荐条件进行理论推算,但应根据实际验证数据确认设备除热原性能、设定日常使用时的灭菌周期时间。参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 10.3 干热灭菌[7] 中药注射剂热原污染质量缺陷
因灭菌不彻底或包装不严或药材质量不佳,常会带入热原。因此,严格把好原料的质量关,制备好的中间体注意防止微生物污染。必要时在投料前可做热原检查。玻璃器皿热原的方法可采用经洗涤洁净后,在250°C,30分钟或300°C,5分钟以上处理破坏热原;常用强酸强碱浸泡玻璃、塑料等容器,以除去热原;在配制注射剂时加入0.1%~0.5%(g/ml)的活性炭吸附,煮沸并搅拌15分钟以上,但应考察活性炭吸附对有效成分的影响等。参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 附录四 2 中药注射剂GMP的实施指南[8] 玻璃容器的干热去热原和除热原验证
容器干热去热原操作,可以灭活生物和降解内毒素。根据容器大小,材质,质量以及装载结构设置具体的灭菌/去热原的温度和时间。大规模的生产中,通常的方法是容器通过输送机械进行自动流转,采用一体化的清洗设备和隧道烘箱,对容器进行清洗和去热原操作。胶塞的去热原可通过热的注射用水反复冲洗来实现的。对于不锈钢或者玻璃等可耐受高温的材质制造的容器具,可采用干热灭菌的方法除去热原。也可采取用热注射用水清洗去除热原,然后进行湿热灭菌。干热灭菌和除热原的验证应包括适当的热分布和热穿透研究,以及使用最差条件下的操作环节、容器特征(如大容量容器)和特殊装载方式,以模拟最差条件下生产状态测试。必要时,多次注射用水冲洗可有效地去除这些容器的热原。参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 5.2 玻璃容器[9]和药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 5.4 工器具[10] 热原污染
热原是可以使哺乳动物发热的一种物质。热原通常是内毒素、细菌细胞生长时候脱落的有机化合物(脂多糖类)、或者是死细胞残留物。它们是化学和物理特性稳定,并且在能杀死细菌的条件下也不一定能被消灭的。它们的分子量可能会变化,通常在12,000-320,000。热原水平通常是用每毫升的内毒素单位(EU)来量化。制药工业对热原非常关注,因为高浓度的热原会导致人体不良反应,引起发烧甚至晕厥或死亡。参考药品GMP指南 水系统 6.1 水的化学与微生物基础知识[11] 制备工艺研究中除热原工艺步骤
制备工艺中一般应包括除热原工艺步骤。某些不宜在工艺过程中进行除热原处理的品种,可对原辅料细菌内毒素含量进行严格控制,或者先对原辅料分别进行除热原处理。
参考CDE 化学药品注射剂基本技术要求(试行)[12] 中药注射剂生产工艺过程热原研究
(五)生产工艺过程中应对原辅料、中间体的热原(或细菌内毒素)污染情况进行研究,根据情况设置监控点。应明确除热原(或细菌内毒素)的方法及条件,如活性炭的用量、处理方法、加入时机、加热温度及时间等,并考察除热原效果及对药物成份的影响。应提供相关研究资料。
直接配液用原辅料应进行热原及微生物的污染状况研究,采取措施,减少微生物负荷,降低热原污染的风险。
参考CDR 中药注射剂安全性再评价生产工艺评价技术原则(试行)[13] CDE 生物制品相关指导原则 - CDE 预防用DNA疫苗临床前研究技术指导原则
- CDE 人用单克隆抗体质量控制技术指导原则
- CDE 结合疫苗质量控制和临床研究技术指导原则
家兔热原质试验适用情形
参考FDA Guidance for Industry: Pyrogen and Endotoxins Testing: Questions and Answers[14] 【实例分析】玻璃容器清洗除热原工艺确认
通常选择50~100只玻璃容器进行挑战试验。参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 3.3.1 内毒素控制[15] 灭菌隧道风险分析
本案例目的是描述某公司为其注射剂车间进行风险评估所使用的方法及所获结果,该车间用于无菌工艺环境下生产注射剂产品。 编号 | 步骤 | 子步骤 | 风险 | 影响 | S | 原因 | P | 控制措施 | D | 起始
RPN | 风险水平 | 验证活动 | 1 | 入口单向流 | 预加热区 | 外部空气进入HEPA过滤器损坏 | 去热原工艺前颗粒污染 | 4 | 单向流的错误调整(超压及速度) | 2 | 控制并记录隧道及周围区域的压差与入口气流速度 | 1 | 8 | 中 | 确认空气系统的正确安装(IQ)
单向流确认(OQ)
确认工艺参数调节(OQ)
警报激活(OQ)
环境监测系统的正确运行(OQ) | 参数的错误调节 | 2 | 控制并监测系统 | 2 | 16 | 高 | 缺乏过滤完整性 | 2 | 周期性再确认
粒子在线监测系统 | 2 | 16 | 高 | 2 | 西林瓶去热原 | 加热区 | 未达到或未能保持去热原温度
温度不均一
停留时间不足(隧道速度过高)
外部空气进入
HEPA过滤器损坏 | 最终产品中残留热原
颗粒污染 | 4 | 单向流的错误调整(超压及速度) | 2 | 控制并记录隧道及周围区域的压差与入口气流速度 | 1 | 8 | 高 | 确认空气系统的正确安装(IQ)
关键仪表校准(IQ)
单向流确认(OQ)
确认工艺参数调节以及设备与洗瓶机的同步(OQ)
警报激活(OQ)
逻辑安全(OQ)与SOP到位性(IQ)
环境监测系统的正确运行(OQ)
调整传送带速度及保持时间
利用热图确认温度均一性(OQ)
确认内毒素下降3个对数单位 | 不当的工艺参数:
去热原温度
传送带速度
灭菌隧道与洗瓶机速度调整 | 2 | 由控制系统/逻辑安全控制工艺参数去热原温度在线监测系统 警报 | 1 | 8 | 高 | 缺乏过滤完整性 | 2 | 周期性再确认在线粒子监测系统 | 2 | 16 | 高 | 3 | 出口单向流 | 冷却区 | 隧道出口的西林瓶温度过高 | 西林瓶爆裂或出现裂缝 | 3 | 不当的工艺参数 | 2 | 由控制系统/逻辑安全控制工艺参数
隧道内不同点分布的温度探头
警报 | 2 | 12 | 中 | 确认控制系统的逻辑安全(OQ)
关键仪表校准(IQ)
单向流确认(OQ)
确认工艺参数调节(OQ)
警报激活(OQ) | 4 | 不当的灭菌工艺 | 未经灭菌区与灌装机直接接触
(A级) | 4 | 灭菌程序中不当的工艺参数 | 2 | 警报激活隧道内不同点分布的温度探头 | 2 | 16 | 高 | 确认控制系统的逻辑安全(OQ)
关键仪表校准(IQ)
调整灭菌程序的工艺参数
灭菌工艺热图(OQ)
警报激活(OQ) |
参考药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 2.2.3 注射剂车间风险评估实例[16] 【相关讨论】无菌生产中哪些因素可导致热原或内毒素检验项不合格?
无菌注射剂的热原来源是微生物产生的内毒素。控制热原主要是从人,机,料,法,环五个方面。当然对于热原来说,这五个方面种,物料影响最大,原料和辅料:尤其是水。 无菌药品的热原或内毒素检查项目不合格,表明无菌药品生产企业的无菌保证水平出现较严重问题,从已有的原因分析来看,大多与增加批量,延长灌装时间有关。提示生产企业必须严格执行工艺规程,未经充分验证不得变更。严格执行药品GMP相关规定。 【参考资料】1 中国GMP 无菌药品附录 2 FDA CFR 211 Subpart E--Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures 3 FDA CFR 211 Subpart H--Holding and Distribution 4 EU GMP Annex 1 Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products 5 EU GMP Annex 2 Manufacture of Biological active substances and Medicinal Products for Human Use 2012 6 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 3.3.1 内毒素控制 7 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 10.3 干热灭菌 8 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 附录四 2 中药注射剂GMP的实施指南 9 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 5.2 玻璃容器 10 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 5.4 工器具 11 药品GMP指南 水系统 6.1 水的化学与微生物基础知识 12 CDE 化学药品注射剂基本技术要求(试行) 13 CDR 中药注射剂安全性再评价生产工艺评价技术原则(试行) 14 FDA Guidance for Industry: Pyrogen and Endotoxins Testing: Questions and Answers 15 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 3.3.1 内毒素控制 16 药品GMP指南 无菌制剂 2.2.3 注射剂车间风险评估实例
|