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发表于 2013-10-6 21:05:27
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写得很好,深入浅出,阅后颇有收益。只是看到对Phase 0的表述,同脑中原来的理解稍有出入。今天查阅几篇文献,供同仁参阅和进一步讨论。
FDA Guidance for Industry and Reviewers:Exploratory IND Studies
For the purposes of this guidance the phrase exploratory IND study is intended to describe a clinical trial that
- is conducted early in phase 1,
- involves very limited human exposure, and
- has no therapeutic or diagnostic intent (e.g., screening studies, microdose studies).
Exploratory IND studies usually involve very limited human exposure and have no therapeutic or diagnostic intent. Such studies can serve a number of useful goals. For example, an exploratory IND study can help sponsors
? Determine whether a mechanism of action defined in experimental systems can also be observed in humans (e.g., a binding property or inhibition of an enzyme)
? Provide important information on pharmacokinetics (PK)
? Select the most promising lead product from a group ofcandidates5 designed to interact with a particular therapeutic target in humans, based on PK or pharmacodynamic (PD) properties
· Explore a product’s biodistribution characteristics using various imaging technologies
Whatever the goal of the study, exploratory IND studies can help identify, early in the process, promising candidates for continued development and eliminate those lacking promise. As a result, exploratory IND studies may help reduce the number of human subjects and resources, including the amount of candidate product, needed to identify promising drugs. The studies discussed in this guidance involve dosing a limited number of subjects with a limited range of doses for a limited period of time.
Potentially useful study designs include both single- and multiple-dose studies. In single-dose studies, a sub-pharmacologic or pharmacologic dose is administered to a limited number of subjects (healthy volunteers or patients). For example, microdose studies usually involve the single administration of a small dose with the goal of collecting pharmacokinetic information or performing imaging studies, or both.
Repeat dose clinical studies can be designed with pharmacologic or pharmacodynamics endpoints. In exploratory IND studies, the duration of dosing should be limited(e.g., 7 days). For escalating dose studies done under an exploratory IND, dosing should be designed to investigate a pharmacodynamic endpoint, not to determine the limits of tolerability.
Clinical studies of pharmacokinetics or imaging
Microdose studies are designed to evaluate pharmacokinetics or imaging of specific targets and are designed not to induce pharmacologic effects. Because of this, the risk to human subjects is very limited, and information adequate to support the initiation of such limited human studies can be derived from limited nonclinical safety studies. A microdose is defined as less than 1/100th of the dose of a test substance calculated (based on animal data)to yield a pharmacologic effect of the test substance with a maximum dose of <100micrograms (for imaging agents, the latter criterion applies).15 Due to differences in molecular weights as compared to synthetic drugs, the maximum dose for protein products is ≤30 nanomoles.
由上表述可见,Phase 0主要达到二个目的: 1)PK,但要在microdose studies; 2)PD,是MoA based study; 而且,has no therapeutic or diagnostic intent in Phase 0, 因此, 设计上 “统计学要求”应该不是主要考虑因素。
实际上,FDA这个guidance的出台是同分析技术和生物技术的发展分不开的。90年代,以ESI源为代表的LC/MS的关键” 接口(interface)” 技术得到了突飞猛进的发展,并日趋成熟。Mass开始作为一种选择性好,灵敏度高的检测器进入应用阶段。灵敏度更高的分析工具开始出现,如LC/MS/MS, Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), Q-TOF等。药物研发的科学家总是希望能越早越多的在人体中看看好不容易找出的化合物。但regulatory的考量是“安全第一”。于是,microdosing study 的概念在二十一世纪初被提出,这就是Phase 0的雏形。(是当时分析科学,Clinical PK, Clinical study 等领域的热点话题之一。)
@youngtcm
关于0期,我基本同意FDA对其目的的描述,即“1)PK,但要在microdose studies; 2)PD,是MoA based study; ”,但是,这两个目的,在0期或者说转化研究中,重要性是截然不同的。
PK的信息,在很大程度上是个副产品,因为用药了,抽血化验,就可以得到一定的PK数据。
主要目的,其实是PD,即临床前体外和动物研究观察到的药物作用机制,在人体这个复杂的系统上是否仍出现/存在。
FDA认为0期has no therapeutic or diagnostic intent ,也可以说对。
假设一个在研的肿瘤药物,临床前研究发现,它作用于某个靶点,可以引起某种肿瘤的细胞凋亡。0期目的,不是看这个药物是否可以延长OS(生存时间)或PFS(疾病无进展生存时间)等,它只是看这个药物在肿瘤患者人体中是否也会作用于这个靶点引起该肿瘤的细胞凋亡。
至于这种凋亡,是否会伴随OS或PFS的延长,那不是0期要看的。OS或PFS的延长是中后期临床研发(2/3期)要看的。
这是0期的特点,它只是用一个或数个marker来确认,临床前发现的那些作用机制,在人体是否存在,至于这些marker和作用机制,是否真的有临床治疗/诊断意义和价值,那是后期的事情。
所以,FDA认为0期has no therapeutic or diagnostic intent。
对于0期中的统计学,其实个人以为,和其他研究中的统计学一样。
统计学,或者说统计设计,是临床研究设计的一个重要组成部分,对于0期也适用此点。
当然有国外的统计学家有戏谑之语,说研究是狗,统计就是狗尾巴,尾巴是狗的一个组成部分,没有尾巴,这条狗~~~~但是狗摇动身体,尾巴就会动,但尾巴却动不了身体~~~很形象,其实对于任何临床研究都是如此。
在0期,我们一样会进行检测,会用些marker,相应的,会有background noise、variance等。
以前面的肿瘤细胞凋亡为例子,如果目的是要判断药物是否会显著引起肿瘤细胞凋亡(增加),也一样要考虑:
1、样本量?(一般不超过20,但是如果深究,这个不超过20的背后,是有统计学计算考虑的,即本身是统计学计算的结果,如同剂量探索中的爬坡试验3个一组一样,是有统计学道理的)
2、何种指标?何种变量?何种统计分析方法?
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