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发表于 2014-8-25 14:21:49
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绿色化学的“原子经济性”是指在合成过程中,合成方法和工艺应被设计成能把反应过程中所用的所有原材料尽可能多的转化到最终产物中;化学反应的“原子经济性”(Atom economy)概念是绿色化学的核心内容之一。
原子经济性考虑的是在化学反应中究竟有多少原料的原子进入到了产品之中,这一标准既要求尽可能地节约不可再生资源,又要求最大限度地减少废弃物排放。理想的原子经济反应是原料分子中的原子百分之百地转变成产物,不产生副产物或废物,实现废物的“零排放”(Zero emission)。“原子经济性”的概念目前也被普遍承认。B.M.Trost获得1998年美国“总统绿色化学挑战奖”的学术奖。
BTW:国外这些大牛值得我们国内原料药生产商学习啊,更值得化工企业学习啊,为了减少污染,给后代留个好的生存环境是必须的啊
有些反应原子利用效率很高,比如说氢化还原反应、D-A反应、Aldol反应等。在设计路线的时候就优选考虑这些反应,这样的工艺就可以成为绿色合成工艺。
相反,有些反应三废产生严重,高温高压条件,效率低下。比如说傅-克反应、上保护基脱保护基的反应、氨气合成反应等等。绿色与否是相对而言的,今天的绿色工艺说不定几十年后就变色了,这取决于合成技术的发展和社会环境的变化。
Definition of green chemistry
Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, use, and ultimate disposal. Green chemistry is also known as sustainable chemistry.
Green chemistry:
Prevents pollution at the molecular level
Is a philosophy that applies to all areas of chemistry, not a single discipline of chemistry
Applies innovative scientific solutions to real-world environmental problems
Results in source reduction because it prevents the generation of pollution
Reduces the negative impacts of chemical products and processes on human health and the environment
Lessens and sometimes eliminates hazard from existing products and processes
Designs chemical products and processes to reduce their intrinsic hazards
Green chemistry's twelve principles
These principles demonstrate the breadth of the concept of green chemistry:
1. Prevent waste: Design chemical syntheses to prevent waste. Leave no waste to treat or clean up.
2. Maximize atom economy: Design syntheses so that the final product contains the maximum proportion of the starting materials. Waste few or no atoms.
3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses: Design syntheses to use and generate substances with little or no toxicity to either humans or the environment.
4. Design safer chemicals and products: Design chemical products that are fully effective yet have little or no toxicity.
5. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions: Avoid using solvents, separation agents, or other auxiliary chemicals. If you must use these chemicals, use safer ones.
6. Increase energy efficiency: Run chemical reactions at room temperature and pressure whenever possible.
7. Use renewable feedstocks: Use starting materials (also known as feedstocks) that are renewable rather than depletable. The source of renewable feedstocks is often agricultural products or the wastes of other processes; the source of depletable feedstocks is often fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, or coal) or mining operations.
8. Avoid chemical derivatives: Avoid using blocking or protecting groups or any temporary modifications if possible. Derivatives use additional reagents and generate waste.
9. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents: Minimize waste by using catalytic reactions. Catalysts are effective in small amounts and can carry out a single reaction many times. They are preferable to stoichiometric reagents, which are used in excess and carry out a reaction only once.
10. Design chemicals and products to degrade after use: Design chemical products to break down to innocuous substances after use so that they do not accumulate in the environment.
11. Analyze in real time to prevent pollution: Include in-process, real-time monitoring and control during syntheses to minimize or eliminate the formation of byproducts.
12. Minimize the potential for accidents: Design chemicals and their physical forms (solid, liquid, or gas) to minimize the potential for chemical accidents including explosions, fires, and releases to the environment. |
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