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4.0 Acceptance Criteria 可接受标准 4.1. Introduction 概述 Companies must demonstrate during validation that the cleaning procedure routinely employed for a piece of equipment limits potential carryover to an acceptable level. That limit established must be calculated based on sound scientific rational. 公司在验证时要证明各设备日常所用的清洁程序能将带入下一产品的潜在残留限制在一个可以接受的水平。所建立的限度必须进行科学合理的计算。 This section provides practical guidance as to how those acceptance criteria can be calculated. It is important that companies evaluate all cases individually. There may be specific instances where the product mix in the equipment requires further consideration. 本部分提供实用的指南，指导如何计算这些可接受标准。公司对各案进行各案评估是非常重要的。有时还需要考虑产品从哪步开始混入设备中。 The acceptance criteria preferably should be based on the Acceptable Daily Exposure (ADE) calculations whenever this data is available. The Acceptable Daily Exposure defines a limit at which a patient may be exposed every day for a lifetime with acceptable risks related to adverse health effects. Calculations of Acceptable Daily Exposures of API’s and intermediates are usually done with involvement of industrial hygienists and toxicologists, who review all available toxicology and clinical data to set the limits. The justification of the calculation should be documented. 如果可以获得可接受日暴露（ADE）值，最好依据其计算可接受标准。可接受日暴露限度定义的是患者终身每天暴露于该浓度，但对健康的不良影响仍处于可接受风险水平。原料药和中间体的ADE一般由企业的卫生学家和毒理学家来制订，他们会审核各种可以获得的毒性和临床数据来设定限度。计算的合理性要进行记录。 In many cases Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) will be defined for API’s, Intermediates and Industrial Chemicals by Industrial Hygienists and toxicologists and the OEL data is then used to define containment measures such that operators are adequately protected while working with the chemicals. 在很多情况下，会由行业卫生学家和毒理学家对原料药、中间体和工业级化学品的职业暴露限度（OEL）值进行界定，这时应使用OEL数据来制订限制措施，例如，操作人员在操作化学物质时需要受到充分保护。 The OEL data can also be used to calculate the ADE for cleaning of equipment. OEL数据也可以用于计算设备清洁的ADE值。 In certain cases where availability of pharmacological or toxicological data is limited, for example for chemicals, raw materials, intermediates or API’s in early phase clinical trials, cleaning limits based on fraction of clinical doses, LD50 or general cleaning limits may be calculated. In these cases, carcinogenic, genotoxic and potency effect of these structures should be evaluated by toxicologists. 在特定情况下，如果药性或毒性数据有限，例如，化学物质、原料、中间体或处于早期临床试验的原料药，其清洁限度可以基于临床剂量、半数致死量或一般清洁限度来计算。在这种情形下，需要有毒理学家对其结构的致癌性、基因毒性和效价影响进行评估。 The acceptance criteria for equipment cleaning should be based on visually clean in dry conditions and an analytical limit. 设备清洁的可接受标准应依据干燥状态下目视清洁及分析限度。 Unlike in pharmaceutical production, where residues on the surface of equipment may be 100 % carried over to the next product, in API production the carry-over risk is much lower for technical and chemical manufacturing reasons. Therefore all the following examples for calculating the limits can be adapted to the suitable situation by using different factors. A competent chemist with detailed knowledge about the equipment and the chemical processes and the properties of the chemicals involved such as solubility should justify this factor by evaluating the specific situation. 在制剂生产中，设备表面残留会100%被带入下一产品，而在原料药生产中，由于技术和化学生产原因，带入风险要低很多。因此，以下限度计算举例可以采用不同安全因子后用于适当的情形。应有一名具备设备和化学工艺知识，知晓所涉及化学品特性，如溶解度的化学家对特定情形下应使用的安全系统进行评估。 4.2. Methods of Calculating Acceptance Criteria 计算可接受标准的方法 4.2.1 Acceptance criteria using health-based data 采用健康基础数据的可接受标准 The Maximum Allowable Carryover (MACO) should be based upon the Acceptable Daily Exposure (ADE) when this data is available. The principle of MACO calculation is that you calculate your acceptable carry-over of your previous product, based upon the ADE, into your next product. 在可以获得可接受日暴露水平（ADE）值时，最大允许残留（MACO）应基于ADE计算。MACO计算的原则是基于ADE值，计算你允许从你的上一个产品带入下一个产品中的残留量。 Procedure 程序 Calculate the ADE (Acceptable Daily Exposure) according to the following equation and use the result for the calculation of the MACO. 根据以下公式计算ADE值，将结果用于MACO值的计算： MACO = | NOAEL × BW | UFc × MF × PK |
From the ADE number, a MACO can be calculated according to: 根据以下公式从ADE值计算MACO值： MACO = | ADE previous × MBSnext | TDDnext |
MACO = | ADE上一产品 × MBS下一产品 | TDD下一产品 |
MACO | Maximum Allowable Carryover: acceptable transferred amount from the previous product into your next product (mg) | 允许最大残留：从上一产品带入下一产品的最大可接受量 | | Acceptable Daily Exposure (mg/day) | | | No Observed Adverse Effect Level (mg/kg/day) | | | Is the weight of an average adult (e.g. 70 kg) | | | Composite Uncertainty Factor: combination of factors which reflects the inter- individual variability, interspecies differences, sub-chronic-to-chronic extrapolation, LOEL-to-NOEL extrapolation, database completeness. | 组分不确定因子：反映单个变量之间、不同品种差异、亚急性折算为急性外推、LOEL折算为NOEL外推、数据完整性等补偿因素的综合系数 | | Modifying Factor: a factor to address uncertainties not covered by the other factors | | | Pharmacokinetic Adjustments | | | Standard Therapeutic Daily Dose for the next product (mg/day) | | | Minimum batch size for the next product(s) (where MACO can end up) (mg) | |
The draft EMA/CHMP/CVMP/SWP/19430/2012 makes reference to the Permitted Daily Exposure (PDE). The PDE uses the no observed effect level (NOEL) instead of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) used in the ADE calculation. The PDE may also be used as alternative to the ADE to calculate the MACO. EMA/CHMP/CVMP/SWP/19430/2012草案中引用了允许日暴露（PDE）值。PDE采用了无可见影响水平（NOEL）代替无可见不良反应水平（NOAEL）用于ADE的计算。PDE值也可以用于代替ADE值来计算MACO值。 Instead of calculating each potential product change situation, the worst case scenario can be chosen. Then a case with most active API (lowest ADE) is chosen to end up in the following API with the smallest ratio of batch size divided with TDD (MBS/TDD ratio). 可以选择最差情况方案来替代对每个可能的产品更换情况下的残留计算。这时，可以选择活性最强的原料药（ADE最低）作为上一产品，选择批量TDD比值（MBS/TDD比值）最小的原料药作为后续产品。 If OEL data is available, the ADE can be derived from the OEL. 如果可以获得OEL值，则可以从OEL值计算ADE值。 4.2.2. Acceptance criteria based on Therapeutic Daily Dose 基于日治疗剂量的可接受标准 When limited toxicity data is available and the Therapeutic Daily Dose (TDD) is known, this calculation may be used. It is used for final product changeover API Process —A to API Process —B. 如果可以获得有限毒性数据和日治疗剂量（TDD）值，可以采用本计算方式。它可以用在原料药生产工艺A更换到原料药生产工艺B。 Procedure 程序 Establish the limit for Maximum Allowable Carryover (MACO) according to the following equation. 根据以下公式建立允许最大残留（MACO）值： MACO = | TDD previous × MBSnext | SF × TDDnext |
MACO = | TDD上一产品 × MBS下一产品 | SF × TDD下一产品 |
MACO | Maximum Allowance Carryover: acceptable transferred amount from the previous product into your next product (mg) | 允许最大残留：从上一产品中可以接受转入下一产品的数量(mg) | | Standard Therapeutic Daily Dose of the investigated product (in the same dosage from as TDDnext) (mg/day) | 所讨论的产品的日标准治疗剂量（以下一产品TDD计的同样剂量）(mg/day) | | Standard Therapeutic Daily Dose for the next product (mg/day) | | | Minimum batch size for the next product(s) (where MACO can end up (mg) | 下一产品的最小批量（MACO会携入的产品）(mg) | | Safety factor (normally 1000 is used in calculations based on TDD). | |
4.2.3. Acceptance criteria based on LD50 基于半致死量的可接受标准 In cases where no other data is available (e.g. ADE, OEL, TDD,…) and only LD50 data is available (e.g. chemicals, intermediates, detergents, …), the MACO can be based upon LD50 data. 如果没办法获得其它数据（例如，ADE、OEL、TDD等值），只能获得半数致死量数据（例如化学物质、中间体、清洁剂……），MACO可以基于半数致死量数据来计算。 Procedure 程序 Calculate the so called NOEL number (No Observable Effect Level) according to the following equation and use the result for the establishment of MACO (See [3] oe page 53 - for reference). 根据以下公式，计算NOEL值（无可见影响水平），用于建立MACO值（参见第53页的【3】部分，供参考） From the NOEL number a MACO can be calculated according to: 从NOEL值，用以下公式计算MACO值： MACO = | NOELprevious × MBSnext | SFnext × TDD next |
MACO = | NOEL上一产品 × MBS下一产品 | SF下一产品 × TDD 下一产品 |
MACO | Maximum Allowance Carryover: acceptable transferred amount from the previous product into your next product (mg) | 允许最大残留：从上一产品中可以接受转入下一产品的数量(mg) | | No Observed Effect Level (mg/day) | | | Lethal Dose 50 in mg/kg animal. The identification of the animal (mouse, rat etc.) and the way of entry (IV, oral etc.) is important (mg/kg) | 50%的动物致死量，单位mg/kg。动物种类（大鼠、小鼠等）和摄入途径（注射、口服等）也很重要(mg/kg) | | Is the weight of an average adult (e.g. 70 kg) (kg) | | | 2000 is an empirical constant | | | Standard Therapeutic Daily Dose for the next product (mg/day) | | | Minimum batch size for the next product (s) (where MACO can end up) | 下一产品的最小批量（MACO会携入的产品）(mg) | | | |
The safety factor (SF) varies depending on the route of administration (see below). Generally a factor of 200 is employed when manufacturing APIs to be administered in oral dosage forms. 安全系数（SF）根据摄入途径不同而不同（见下）。一般系数200用于口服剂型原料药生产。 Safety factors: 安全系数 Topicals 10 – 100 局部给药 Oral products 100 – 1000 口服给药 Parenterals 1000 – 10 000 注射给药
4.2.4 General Limit as acceptance criteria 可接受标准的一般限度 If MACO calculations result in unacceptably high or irrelevant carryover figures, or toxicological data for intermediates are not known, the approach of a general limit may be suitable. Companies may choose to have such an upper limit as a policy. The general limit is often set as an upper limit for the maximum concentration (MAXCONC) of a contaminating substance in a subsequent batch. 如果MACO计算结果太高，不能接受，或者与带入数字不相关，或中间体毒性数据未知，则适用通用限度方法。公司可以选择例如一个最高限度作为原则。通用限度一般设定为一种污染物质在后续批次中最大浓度上限（MAXCONC）。 Procedure 程序 Establish MACOppm, based on a general limit, using the following equations. 利用以下公式，基于一个通用限度建立MACO限度，ppm为单位。 MACOppm = MAXCONC x MBS MACOppm | Maximum Allowable Carryover: acceptable transferred amount from the investigated product (“previous”). Calculated from general ppm limit. | 允许最大残留：所讨论的产品（上一产品）被带入下一产品的可接受值，一般表达为ppm限度 | | General limit for maximum allowed concentration (kg/kg or ppm) of “previous” substance in the next batch. | 允许上一产品在下一产品中的最大浓度通用限度（kg/kg或ppm） | | Minimum batch size for the next product(s) (where MACO can end up) | |
E.g. for a general limit of 100 ppm: MACO = 0.01% of the minimum batch size (MBS), and for a general limit of 10 ppm: MACO = 0.001% of the minimum batch size (MBS). 例如，对于通用限度为100ppm：MACO = 最小批量（MBS）的0.01%，对于通用限度为10ppm：MACO = 最小批量（MBS）的0.001%。 Remarks: The ICH impurity document (Q 3) indicates that up to 0.1% of an individual unknown or 0.5% total unknowns may be present in the product being tested. 注：ICH杂质文件（Q3）指出，在被测试的产品中，单个未知杂质可以达0.1%，总未知杂质可以达到0.5%。 A general upper limit for the maximum concentration of a contaminating substance in a subsequent batch (MAXCONC) is often set to 5-500 ppm (100 ppm in APIs is very frequent) of the previous product into the next product depending on the nature of products produced from the individual company (e.g. toxicity, pharmacological activity …). 根据各公司所生产产品的属性不同（例如，毒性、药物活性等），从上一产品带入下一产品中的污染物质最大浓度通用上限通常设定为5-500ppm（原料药中100ppm是很常见的）。 The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept could be applied to intermediates or API’s with no clinical (e.g. early development) or toxicological data. This concept includes three categories of products with limited or no data: 毒性关注阈值（TTC）概念可以应用于没有临床（例如早期研发阶段）或毒性数据的中间体或原料药。这个概念将数据有限或没有数据的产品分为3个类别 l Products that are likely to be carcinogenic; l 可能致癌的产品 l Products that are likely to be potent or highly toxic; l 可能具有效价或高毒性的产品 l Products that are not likely to be carcinogenic, potent or highly toxic. l 可能致癌、具有效价或高毒性的产品 The corresponding ADE’s recommended for these three categories are 1, 10, 100 μg/day, respectively. 对应此三类所推荐的ADE值分别为1、10和100μg/天。 Another possibility to calculate your ADE for intermediates or API’s, with no clinical or toxicological data (e.g. early development), is based upon the exposure duration of your next product. The values of the CHMP guideline on the Limits of Genotoxic Impurities (ref. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/431994/2007) can be used for your ADE. 在没有临床或毒性数据（例如研发早期）时，计算中间体或API的ADE还有另一个办法，就是基于下一产品的暴露时长。可以将CHMP指南“基因毒性杂质”（参见EMEA/CHMP/SWP/431994/2007）限度值可以用于ADE计算。 Note - If you decide to employ the concept of levels of cleaning (ref. section 5), then different safety factors (ppm limits) may be used for different levels. Especially if the product cleaned out is within the same synthetic chain and covered by the specification of the API, much higher (qualified) levels are acceptable. 注：如果你决定采用清洁水平概念（参见第5部分），则对于不同水平可以采用不同的安全系数（ppm限度）。特别是如果被清洁的产品是在同一条合成链中，且其限度包括在原料药的质量标准中，则残留水平较高（确认过的）时也是可以接受的。 4.2.5 Swab Limits 擦拭限度 If homogeneous distribution is assumed on all surfaces, a recommended value can be set for the content in a swab. The maximum allowable carry over from one batch to another can be established based on e.g. ADE, NOEL or TDD (see above). If the total direct contact surface is known, the target value for contamination per square meter can be calculated according equation 4.2.5-I. This can be used as basic information for preparation of a method of analysis and detection limit. 如果假定所有表面上残留的分布是均匀的，可以给擦拭样品设定一个推荐值。可以根据例如ADE值、NOEL或TDD（见上）设定一批到另一批的最大允许残留值。如果知道直接接触产品的总面积，则可以根据4.2.5-I公式计算单位面积上的污染目标值，该值可以在制订方法验证方案和检测限值时参考。 Equation 4.2.5-I Target value [μg/dm2] = | MACO[μg] | Total surface [dm2] |
公式 4.2.5-I 目标值 [μg/dm2] = | MACO[μg] | 总表面积 [dm2] |
Also other methods with different swab limits for different surfaces in a piece of equipment and/or equipment train can be used. If the equipment can be divided in several parts, different swab limits may be taken for the different parts building up the equipment train. If the result of one part is exceeding the target value, the whole equipment train may still be within the MACO limit. The Carry Over is then calculated according equation 4.2.5-II (see below). 也可以对同一设备和/或设备链不同的表面使用不同的擦拭限度。如果设备被分为几个部分，对可以针对设备链不同部分采用不同的擦拭限度。如果一个部件的结果超出了目标值，整个设备链的残留值仍可能是在MACO的限度以内。这时，可以按公式4.2.5-II（见下）计算残留量。 During equipment qualification and cleaning validation hard to clean parts can be determined. Rather than declaring the hard to clean part as the worst case swab limit for the whole equipment train, it could be separated and dealt with as mentioned above. It should be noted that different types of surfaces (e.g. stainless steel, glass lined, Teflon) may show different recoveries during swabbing. In those cases it may be beneficial to divide the equipment train in several parts, and combine the results in a table or matrix. The total calculated amount should be below the MACO, and the individual swab results should not exceed the maximum expected residues established during cleaning validation / equipment qualification. Recovery studies and method validation are necessary when applying swabbing as a method to determine residues. 在设备确认和清洁验证中，可以确定哪个部件是难以清洁的。其实可以采用上述的方法来将难以清洁的部件分开来，而不需要采用最难清洁的部件作为最差擦拭情况的限度用于整个设备链。要注意不同材质表面（例如，不锈钢、搪玻璃、聚四氟乙烯）可能有不同的擦拭回收率。在这种情况下，如果把设备链划分为几个部分，将结果在一份表或类别中合并可能会比较好。合计数量应低于MACO值，单个擦拭结果不应超过在清洁验证/设备确认中所设立的最大高期望值。在使用擦拭方法测定残留量时，要进行回收率研究和方法验证。 Equation 公式 4.2.5-II CO [μg] = Σ(Ai[dm2] × mi[μg/dm2]) | | |
CO | True (measured) total quantity of substance (possible carryover) on the cleaned surface in contact with the product, calculated from results of swab tests. | 采用擦拭检测结果计算出的与产品直接接触的已清洁表面实际总残留量 | | Area for the tested piece of equipment # i. | | | Quantity in μg/dm2, for each swab per area of swabbed surface (normally 1 dm2) | |
4.2.5.1. Setting Acceptance Criteria for Swab Limits 对擦拭限度设定可接受标准 For each item tested, the following acceptance criteria (AC) apply. 以下可接受标准适用于各测试项目： AC1. The cleaning result of an individual part should not exceed the maximum expected residue. 单个设备清洁结果应不超过最大可接受残留量。 AC2. For the total equipment train the MACO must not be exceeded. 总设备链的MACO不得超过。 In determining acceptance limits, all possible cases of following products in the relevant equipment shall be taken into account. It is proposed that a matrix be set up in which the limits for all cases are calculated. Either acceptance criteria for each product in the equipment can be prepared or the worst case of all product combinations may be selected. 在制订可接受限度时，要考虑在相关设备中可能生产的所有后续产品。建议画出矩阵图，在其中对所有情况下的限度进行计算，然后针对在该设备中生产的每个产品分别制订可接受标准，也可以对所产品选择最差情况下的可接受标准。 4.2.5.2. Evaluation of results 结果评估 When all surfaces have been sampled and the samples have been analyzed, the results are compared to the acceptance criteria. Companies may find it easier to evaluate against the MACO. However, it is advisable to have a policy for swab limit as well. Especially because analytical methods are validated within a certain range for swab results. Another reason is that some pieces could be very contaminated, and it is not good practice to clean certain pieces very thoroughly in order to let others be dirty. Thus, limits for both MACO and swabs should be set. 在对所有表面取样后，对样品进行分析，将结果与可接受标准进行比较。公司可以发现采用MACO来评估会比较容易。但是，还是建议对于擦拭限制订一个原则，主要是因为擦拭样品分析方法的验证是在一定的浓度范围内进行的。另一个原因是有一些部件的污染可能会比较严重，没有理由让一些部件清洁的非常彻底而让另一些部件很脏。因此，应同时设定MACO限度和擦拭限度。 4.2.6. Rinse Limit 淋洗限度 The residue amount in equipment after cleaning can also be determined by taking rinse samples. During equipment qualification it should be established that all direct content parts of the equipment is wetted / reached by the rinsing solvent. After the last cleaning cycle (last rinse), the equipment should be assessed as ‘clean’. In some cases it may be advisable to dry the equipment in order to do a proper assessment. Thereafter, the rinse cycle can be executed, and a sample taken (sampling rinse). The procedure for the rinse cycle and sampling should be well established and described to assure repeatability and comparability (cycle times, temperatures, volumes, etc.). The choice of the rinse solvent should be established during cleaning validation, taking into account solubility of the contaminations, and reactivity of the rinse solvent towards the contaminants (saponification, hydrolyses, etc). Method validation is needed. 设备清洁后的残留量也可以采用淋洗样来检测。在设备确认时，应该识别出设备中所有可以被淋洗溶剂淋到的部件。在最后清洁（最后淋洗）结束后，设备状态应评估为“清洁”方可取样。有时，需要对烘干设备以便进行适当的评估。之后，对设备进行淋洗，取样（淋洗样）。应制订书面程序描述淋洗和取样操作，以保证其可重复性和可比较性（重复次数、温度、体积等）。在清洁验证时应对淋洗用溶剂作出选择，选择时应考虑污染物的溶解度，以及淋洗用溶剂与污染物之间的反应活性（皂化反应、水解反应等）。淋洗方法要进行验证。 In a worst case approach, the amount of the residue in the equipment can be assumed to be equal to the amount determined by analysis of the rinse sample. This can be supported by rinse studies that show a strong decay of a residue in a piece of equipment. 如果采了最差情形方法，可以假定设备中的残留量与对淋洗样品的检测结果相等。这个假设可以通过对一个设备部件上淋洗前后残留物急剧减少来支撑。 The MACO is usually calculated on each individual product change over scenario according to the procedures outlined above and individual acceptance criteria are established using the following equation: 通常根据上述所列的方法，针对各个产品更换的情况计算MACO。采用以下公式，可以计算出单个可接受标准： Target value (mg/L) = MACO (mg) / Volume of rinse or boil (L) 目标值 = MACO/淋洗溶剂体积 For quantitation a solvent sample (e.g. 1 L) is taken, the residue in the sample is determined by a suitable analytical method and the residue in the whole equipment is calculated according to the following equation: 对于一定的取样体积（例如1升），采用适当的分析方法测定样品中的残留量，根据以下公式计算整个设备中的残留量： M = V*(C-Cb) M | Amount of residue in the cleaned equipment in mg | | | Volume of the last rinse or wash solvent portion in L | | | Concentration of impurities in the sample in mg/L | | | Blank of the cleaning or rinsing solvent in mg/L. If several samples are taken during one run, one and the same blank can be used for all samples provided the same solvent lot was used for the whole run. | 空白淋洗或冲洗溶剂 如果在一个轮次中取了几个样品，则可以采用其中一个空白用于该轮中所有样品的计算 |
Requirement: M < Target value. 要求：M < 目标值 The requirement is that M < target value. If needed, the sample can be concentrated before analysis. 要求是M < 目标值。那天要时，样品在检测前可以浓缩。 The choice for swab or rinse sampling usually depends on the type of equipment. Areas to be swabbed are determined during equipment and cleaning validation (‘hard to clean areas’), and are preferably readily accessible for operational reasons, e.g. near the manhole. If swabbing of the indicated area is not easy, rinse sampling is the alternative. The advantage is that the whole surface of the equipment is sampled for contamination, being provided that during equipment qualification, surface wetting testing was taken into account. Thus equipment used for milling, mixing, filters, etc. are usually swabbed, whilst reactor systems are usually sampled by rinsing. 选择擦拭样品还是淋洗样品通常取决于设备的类型。擦拭取样点应在设备验证和清洁验证中确定（难以清洁点），最好还要易于操作，例如接受人孔处。如果要取样的地方很难采用擦拭取样，可以采用淋洗取样。淋洗取样的优点是设备的整个表面都能被取样测试污染程度。淋洗取样时，要考虑表面润湿测试，该测试应在设备确认期间完成。鉴于此，用于粉碎、混合、过滤等的设备一般采用擦拭取样，而反应釜系统一般采用淋洗取样。 4.2.7 Rationale for the use of different limits in pharmaceutical and chemical production 在药品和化学生产中使用不同限度的合理性 Unlike in pharmaceutical production, where residues on the surface of equipment may be 100 % carried over to the next product, in API production the carry-over risk is much lower for technical and chemical manufacturing reasons. Thus higher limits may be acceptable in chemical production compared to pharmaceutical production. For example chemical processing steps often include dissolution, extraction and filtration steps that are likely to reduce significantly any residue left from previous production and cleaning operations. A factor of 5-10 could be applied to the MACO calculated using the Acceptable Daily Exposure Limit or the secondary criteria defined in the previous sections. 在药品生产中，设备表面残留可能会100%被带入下一产品。与之不同的是，在原料药生产中，由于技术和化学生产原因，残留带入风险要低很多。因此，与药品生产相比，在化学生产中采用较高的残留限度是可以接受的。例如，化学工艺步骤经常包括溶出、提取和过滤，这些步骤可能会显著降低上一产品和清洁操作所残留的东西。如果采用ADEL值计算MACO，则可以使用5-10的安全系数，或者采用上述部分中界定的中等标准。 In all cases, the limits should be justified by a competent chemist with detailed knowledge about the equipment and the chemical processes, following Quality Risk Management Principles and the limits should be approved by Operations and Quality Assurance Managers. 在所有情况下，所有的限度均应由具备资质的化学家进行论证。他应该具备关于设备和化学工艺的知识，遵守质量风险管理原则。所制订的限度应由操作和质量保证经理批准。 The following description shows an example where the carry-over risk for a residue in chemical production equipment is much lower than in pharmaceutical production equipment. 以下例子说明了在化学生产设备中，其残留的带入风险比药品生产设备要低很多。 Assuming that the common criteria (ADE, 1/1000th dose, LD50 NOEL/ADI with SF 100-1000, 10 ppm) represent the state of the art for pharmaceutical production and are considered sufficiently safe, then the calculation of limits in API manufacture must reflect the different processes in pharmaceutical production and in the chemical production of active pharmaceutical ingredients to allow comparable risk analyses to be undertaken. 假定常用标准（ADE，1000分之一剂量，LD50 NOEL/ADI安全系数100-1000，10ppm）代表药品生产理想状态，被认为是足够安全的，这时原料药生产中的限度计算必须反映化学原料药生产与药品生产工艺的不同，使得可以进行风险分析比较。 Pharmaceutical production, Chemical production physical process 药品生产、化学生产的物理处理 In pharmaceutical production a residue remaining on the surface of equipment after cleaning is, in the next production cycle, distributed in a mixture of active substance and excipients if it does not remain on the surface. In the worst case it will be 100 % transferred to the first batch of next product. 在药品生产中，清洁后残留保存在设备表面，在下一个生产循环中，如果这些残留不再停留在设备表面，则会分布在原料药和辅料的混合物中。最差情况是这些残留100%地被带入下一产品的第一个批次。 
Chemical production/processing 化学生产/工艺 In chemical production a 100 % carry-over of residue from the equipment surface to the next product to be manufactured is very unlikely based on the way the process is run and on technical considerations. The residue remaining on the equipment surface can, during the next production cycle, be carried over into the reaction mixture consisting of solvent and raw materials. In most cases, however, any residue in solution will be eliminated from the process together with the solvent, and insoluble residue by physical separation processes (e.g. filtration), so likely carry over into the end-product will be low. 在化学生产中，考虑到工艺运行的方式，以及技术问题，残留物被100%地从设备表面带入下一产品中的情形不太可能发生。残留在设备里的东西，在下一生产循环中，会被带入溶剂和原料所组成的混合反应液中。在大多数情况下，所有溶液中的残留都会与溶剂一起被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留会被物理分离工艺（例如过滤）减少，因此，可能被带到最终产品中的残留会很低。 The final step in a multi-step chemical synthesis is selective purification of the API (e.g. by crystallization), during which contaminants are removed from the process and/or insoluble residues are removed by physical separation). From the original reaction mixture of educt, agent and solvent there remains only a fraction of the original mass as API at the end of the chemical process. 在多步化学合成的最后一步，一般是原料药选择性精制（例如，通过结晶方式）。在精制过程中，污染物被从工艺中去除，不溶性残留被物理分离所去除。在经过这些化学工艺后，原来那些由离析物、试剂和溶剂所组成的混合反应液只剩下一些原来物质的片断，在最后成为原料药。 【译者：第一句有一个半括号，原文如此】 It is also to be noted that, during subsequent pharmaceutical production, the API is further diluted through the excipients that are added. 还要注意的一点是，在后续的药品生产过程中，原料药通过加入辅料被进一步稀释了。 
Conclusion: 结论 Assuming that there is no intention to impose more stringent yardsticks during API production than in pharmaceutical production but that they should be approximately the same, the logical conclusion is that the limits in chemical production should be set higher than in pharmaceutical production. Based on this rationale, a factor of 5 - 10 compared to the established pharmaceutical production limits is both plausible and, in terms of pharmaceutical risk, acceptable. 假定我们并无意将比药品生产更严格的标尺强加给原料药生产，而只是要将它们保持大致相同，则从逻辑上得到的结论就是在化学生产中的限度应该设定得比药品生产中的限度要高。基于此理论，相比于已建立的药品生产限度，对原料药生产采用5-10的安全系数既貌似合理，从药品风险角度来说，也是可以接受的。
Chemical production “physical processes” (drying, mixing, filling, ...) 化学生产的“物理处理”（干燥、混合、充填……） Apparatus and equipment that is used for physical end-treatments such as drying, mixing or milling may either be operated together with the previous synthesis equipment or generally be used separately. During separate physical end-treatments of APIs, there is no decrease of contaminants compared to the aforementioned chemical process. Consequently, we recommend in this case that the calculation methods applied should be those normally used in pharmaceutical production, (ADE, 1/1000th dose, LD50 NOEL/ADE with SF 100-1000, 10 ppm). The Limits for carry over into the final API should be the same as those calculated in the previous sections. 用于最终物理处理，如干燥、混合或磨粉，的设备仪器，可以与之前的合成设备一起使用，通常是单独使用。在原料药单独的物理最终处理过程中，与之前提到的化学过程相比，其污染物不会减少。因此，我们推荐在这种情况下，应采用制剂产品中常用的计算方法（ADE、千分之一剂量、半数致死量、NOEL/ADE和安全系统 100-1000、10ppm）。带入最终原料药的残留量限度应与之前各部分所计算的相同。 ANNEX 1: Examples of MACO calculations. 附录1：MACO计算的例子 Example 1: ADE calculation 例1：ADE计算 Product A has a NOAEL70kg of 100 mg/day human oral dose. Uncertainty factors applied to calculate the ADE are an UFS of 3 (extrapolation from an acute dose to subchronic/chronic dosing) and UFH of 8.13 (the inter-individual variability based upon a PK (kinetic component) of 2.54 and PD of 3.2 (dynamic component)). The MF is 10 (extrapolation from a ‘generally healthy’ population to a more susceptible sick patient population). Product B is an oral product (PK = 1). A产品NOAEL70kg人类口服剂量为100mg/天， 用于计算ADE的不确定因子UFS为3（从急性剂量到亚慢性/慢性给药外推得到），UFH为8.13（根据PK（动力学组成）为2.54和PD为3.2（动力学组成）所得的内在个体变化）。MF为10（从“一般健康”人群外推至易感人群）。 产品B为口服产品（PK = 1）. ADE = | 100（mg/day） | = 410（μg/day） | 3×8.13×10×1 |
Result: ADE oral is 410 μg/day 结果：口服ADE值为410μg/天 If product B is a parenteral product and the PK is 62.5 (based upon an oral bio-availability study in human after parenteral). 如果产品B是一个注射产品，PK值为62.5（基于人体注射后的口服生物利用度研究） ADE = | 100（mg/day） | = 6.6（μg/day） | 3×8.13×10×62.5 |
Result: ADEparenteral is 6.6 μg/day 结果：注射ADE值为6.6μg/天
Example 2: ADE calculation 例2：ADE计算 A teratogenic product A has a LOAEL of 1 mg/kg.day human oral dose (BW is 70 kg). Uncertainty factors applied to calculate the ADE are an UFL of 3 (extrapolation from LOAEL to NOAEL), an UFH of 10 (the inter-individual variability) and a MF of 10 (severity of effect: teratogenicity). Product B is an oral product (PK = 1). ADE = | 1（mg/kg day）× 70kg | = 231（μg/day） | 3×10×10×1 |
Result: ADEoral is 231μg/day. 结果：口服ADE值为231μg/天。
Example 3: Acceptance criteria based on Acceptable Daily Exposure 例3：根据可接受日暴露值计算可接受标准 Product A will be cleaned out. The product has an ADE of 2 mg and the batch size is 200 kg. The next product B has a standard daily dose of 250 mg and the batch size is 50 kg. Calculate the MACO for A in B. 产品A要被清洁，其ADE值为2mg，批量为200kg。 下一产品B标准日剂量为250mg，批量为50kg。 计算A在B中的允许最大残留量。 MACO = | 0.002（mg）× 50 000 000 (mg) | = 400(mg) | 250 (mg) |
Result: MACO is 0.4g (400mg). 结果：允许最大残留值为0.4g（400mg）。
Example 4: Acceptance criteria based on Therapeutic Daily Dose 例4：根据日治疗剂量计算可接受标准 Product A will be cleaned out. The product has a standard daily dose of 10 mg and the batch size is 200 kg. The next product B has a standard daily dose of 250 mg and the batch size is 50 kg. Both A and B are administrated orally and SF is set to 1000. Calculate the MACO for A in B. 产品A要被清洁，其标准日剂量为10mg，批量为200kg。 下一产品B标准日剂量为250mg，批量为50kg。 A和B都是口服摄入，安全系数SF设定为1000。 计算A在B中的最大允许残留量MACO。 MACO = | 10（mg）× 50 000 000 (mg) | = 2000(mg) | 1000 × 250 (mg) |
Result: MACO is 2g (2000mg). 结果：允许最大残留值为2g（2000mg）。
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发表于 2014-7-14 06:56:51
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