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发表于 2016-7-23 16:27:14
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13. Audit Trail 审计追踪
Audit trails are metadata that are a record of critical information (for example the change or deletion of relevant data) that permit the reconstruction of activities.
审计追踪是一些关键信息的元数据,这些关键信息允许一定的重新构建操作。
Where computerised systems are used to capture, process, report, store and archive raw data electronically, system design should always provide for the retention of audit trails to show all changes to the data while retaining previous and original data. It should be possible to associate all changes to data with the persons making those changes, and changes should be time stamped and a reason given. The items included in the audit trail should be those of relevance to permit reconstruction of the process or activity.
当计算机系统用于电子化的采集、处理、报告、存储和归档原始数据,系统设计时应提供审计追踪功能以显示数据的所有更改并保留之前数据以及原始数据。审计追踪应可以关联数据更改至进行修改的人,并且更改需带有时间戳以及给出的原因。允许数据的重新构建如处理或操作的相关数据的审计追踪应包含上述这些项目。
Audit trails should be switched on. Users (with the exception of system administrator) should not have the ability to amend or switch off the audit trail.
审计追踪应被打开。用户(除系统管理员以外)应无法修改或关闭审计追踪。
The relevance of data retained in audit trails should be considered by the company to permit robust data review / verification. It is not necessary for audit trail review to include every system activity (e.g. user log on/off, keystrokes etc.) and may be achieved by review of appropriately designed and validated system reports.
公司应考虑对数据的审计追踪进行审核/确认。当然,审计追踪审核时不需要包括每一条系统活动(例如用户登入/登出、键盘输入等)并且可以通过审核经过适当设计和验证的系统报告进行归档。
Where relevant audit trail functionality does not exist (e.g. within legacy systems and spreadsheets) an equivalent level of control may be achieved for example by the use of log books, protecting each version and change control.
如果系统并没有审计追踪功能(例如在遗留系统和电子表格中),应通过一些等效水平的控制措施例如使用日志记录本以保护每个版本和变更控制。
Routine data review should include a documented audit trail review. When designing a system for review of audit trails, this may be limited to those with GxP relevance (e.g. relating to data creation, processing, modification and deletion etc). Audit trails may be reviewed as a list of relevant data, or by a ‘exception reporting’ process. An exception report is a validated search tool that identifies and documents predetermined ‘abnormal’ data or actions, which requires further attention or investigation by the data reviewer.
日常的数据审核应包括对追踪的书面审核。当设计审计追踪审核系统时,可以只局限在GxP相关方面(例如:与数据的创建、处理、修改和删除相关等)。审计追踪审核可以是列出一系列相关数据或者通过“例外报告”程序。例外报告是指一个已经过验证的搜索工具,该工具可以识别并记录业已确定的“异常”数据或操作,这些数据和需要数据审核员进一步的关注或调查。
QA should have sufficient knowledge and system access to review relevant audit trails, raw data and metadata as part of audits to ensure on-going compliance with the company’s data governance policy and regulatory requirements. See also ‘data governance’.
QA应有适当的知识和系统可以审核相关审计追踪、原始数据和作为审计一部分的元数据,以保证能够符合公司数据管理政策和法规要求。参见“数据管理”。
If no audit trailed system exists a paper based audit trail to demonstrate changes to data will be permitted until a fully audit trailed (integrated system or independent audit software using a validated interface) system becomes available. These hybrid systems are acceptable, where they achieve equivalence to integrated audit trail, such as described in Chapter 4 of the GMP Guide. If such equivalence cannot be demonstrated, it is expected that GMP facilities should upgrade to an audit trailed system by the end of 2017 (reference: Art 23 of Directive 2001/83/EC).
如果现在没有审计追踪系统,可以允许使用基于纸质记录的审计追踪并能证明数据的变化,直至实现全面的审计追踪系统(使用已验证的界面的集成系统或独立的审计软件)。这些混合系统是可以接受的,如果它们可以达到如GMP指南第4章节所述集成的审计追踪同样的效果。如果这种等效无法被证明,则希望GMP工厂应在2017年结束之前升级到可以审计追踪的系统(参考:Art 23 of Directive 2001/83/EC)
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